The import side adds further texture.
Machinery, electrical equipment and parts topped the import list at 26.4 percent of total imports and declined 28 percent, while mineral products followed at 11.9 percent of imports and recorded a 65.7 percent increase.
A sharp drop in machinery imports alongside rising mineral product imports points to a specific phase of the capital expenditure cycle: the heavy equipment procurement phase of major industrial projects may be moderating while raw material inputs for ongoing construction and processing activity continue to flow in. That pattern is consistent with giga-projects moving from foundation and infrastructure phases into operational ramp-up.
China was Saudi Arabia's largest merchandise export destination in May, accounting for 12.3 percent of total exports, followed by South Korea at 9.6 percent and the UAE at 7.5 percent.
The concentration of crude oil flows toward Northeast Asian refiners is a structural feature of the Kingdom's export geography, and it means that Saudi trade balances remain sensitive to Chinese refinery run rates and South Korean petrochemical demand in ways that no domestic policy adjustment can fully offset.
Against this backdrop, the GCC competitiveness rankings provide a different but complementary signal.
Saudi Arabia's climb from 32nd in 2023 to 17th in the 2025 IMD World Competitiveness Ranking reflects a sustained push across four core pillars, with infrastructure moving up three positions to 31st, driven by expansive transport and logistics investments, and business efficiency maintained at 12th, bolstered by talent development and digital integration.
Rankings of this kind are often dismissed as soft data, and the IMD methodology does blend executive survey responses with hard statistics in ways that introduce subjectivity. But the direction of travel across multiple editions carries real information.
Key drivers of competitiveness growth in the most recent edition include economic diversification and government investment in Saudi Arabia and the UAE, which aligns with what the physical trade data shows: the institutional and infrastructure foundations are being laid even as the non-oil export volumes have not yet caught up to the ambition.
The 2026 IMD ranking finds that economies with credible institutions are better positioned to tackle today's volatile and fragmented world, signaling a shift in the drivers of competitiveness away from the traditional emphasis on cost, scale, and output.
For GCC industrial policy, this framing is significant. The region's historical competitive advantage was feedstock cost, the ability to produce petrochemicals and fertilizers at a structural discount to European and Asian rivals because of subsidized natural gas and proximity to crude. That advantage has not disappeared, but it is no longer sufficient on its own. The competitiveness rankings are measuring something the trade data has not yet fully validated: the quality of the business environment that will determine whether non-oil manufacturing and processing capacity can be built and operated at scale.
The equity market adds the third dimension to this picture.
By the end of the first half of 2025, overall GCC market capitalization added $174.28 billion to reach $2.37 trillion, up from $2.2 trillion in H1 2024.
The reported $71 billion weekly gain in GCC equity market value sits within a broader context of divergent performance across the region's exchanges.
The Tadawul All Share Index posted a year-to-date return of negative 8.62 percent by mid-July, while Kuwait's All Share Index was the GCC's top performer with a return of 18.88 percent, attributed to strong sectoral gains in technology and insurance.
The divergence between Saudi Arabia's largest and most liquid market and the smaller Gulf exchanges reflects something real in the physical economy: Tadawul's sectoral composition is heavily weighted toward petrochemicals and energy, and those sectors have faced genuine margin compression as global chemical oversupply, particularly from Chinese capacity additions, has weighed on product prices even when crude oil feedstock costs have risen.
Foreign investors have been net buyers of GCC stocks for six consecutive quarters through Q2 2025, underscoring sustained confidence in the region.
That sustained foreign buying, even through a period of Tadawul underperformance, suggests that international capital is looking through the current petrochemical cycle and positioning for the longer structural story: the build-out of non-oil industrial capacity, the infrastructure investment pipeline, and the institutional improvements that the competitiveness rankings are beginning to capture. Whether the physical trade data eventually confirms that thesis is the question that the next several quarters of non-oil export volumes will answer.
For informational and research purposes only. Not a solicitation. Consult a licensed financial advisor before making any investment decision.
